@article{237,
  author = {John Lowe and Nick Barton and Simon Blockley and Christopher Bronk and Victoria Cullen and William Davies and Clive Gamble and Katharine Grant and Mark Hardiman and Rupert Housley and Christine Lane and Sharen Lee and Mark Lewis and Alison MacLeod and Martin Menzies and Wolfgang Müller and Mark Pollard and Catherine Price and Andrew Roberts},
  title = {Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards},
  abstract = {<p>Marked changes in human dispersal and development during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition have been attributed to massive volcanic eruption and/or severe climatic deterioration. We test this concept using records of volcanic ash layers of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption dated to ca. 40,000 y ago (40 ka B.P.). The distribution of the Campanian Ignimbrite has been enhanced by the discovery of cryptotephra deposits (volcanic ash layers that are not visible to the naked eye) in archaeological cave sequences. They enable us to synchronize archaeological and paleoclimatic records through the period of transition from Neanderthal to the earliest anatomically modern human populations in Europe. Our results confirm that the combined effects of a major volcanic eruption and severe climatic cooling failed to have lasting impacts on Neanderthals or early modern humans in Europe. We infer that modern humans proved a greater competitive threat to indigenous populations than natural disasters.</p>},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {1\textendash6},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1204579109},
}