01938nas a2200205   4500000000100000008004100001100002100042700001700063700001700080700001800097700002000115700001700135700001900152700001300171700001500184245009200199856006500291300001800356520135800374       2014                            d1 aVasiliki Margari1 aLuke Skinner1 aDavid Hodell1 aBelen Martrat1 aSamuel Toucanne1 aJoan Grimalt1 aPhilip Gibbard1 aJ Lunkka1 aP Tzedakis00aLand-ocean changes on orbital and millennial time scales and the penultimate glaciation  uhttp://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2014/01/10/G35070.1  a1\textendash43 a<p>Past glacials can be thought of as natural experiments in which variations in boundary conditions influenced the character of climate change. However, beyond the last glacial, an integrated view of orbital- and millennial-scale changes and their relation to the record of glaciation has been lacking. Here, we present a detailed record of variations in the land-ocean system from the Portuguese margin during the penultimate glacial and place it within the framework of ice-volume changes, with particular reference to European ice-sheet dynamics. The interaction of orbital- and millennial-scale variability divides the glacial into an early part with warmer and wetter overall conditions and prominent climate oscillations, a transitional mid-part, and a late part with more subdued changes as the system entered a maximum glacial state. The most extreme event occurred in the mid-part and was associated with melting of the extensive European ice sheet and maximum discharge from the Fleuve Manche river. This led to disruption of the meridional overturning circulation, but not a major activation of the bipolar seesaw. In addition to stadial duration, magnitude of freshwater forcing, and background climate, the evidence also points to the influence of the location of freshwater discharges on the extent of interhemispheric heat transport.</p>