The relationship of Heinrich events and their European precursors over the past 60$\#$xa0;ka BP: a multi-proxy ice-rafted debris provenance study in the North East Atlantic

High resolution, multi-proxy records of ice-rafted debris (IRD) flux and provenance in the NE Atlantic detail the development, variability and decline of marine margins of the last glacial circum-North Atlantic ice sheets. Coupled lithological identification, Sr and Nd isotopic composition and 40Ar/39Ar ages of individual hornblende grains reduce ambiguity as to IRD potential source region, allowing clear differentiation between Laurentide (LIS), Icelandic and British (BIS) ice sheet sources (the Icelandic and BIS are collectively referred to as the NW European ice sheet, NWEIS). A step-wise increase in the flux of IRD to the core site at \~26.5 ka BP documents BIS advance and glaciation of Ireland. Millennial-scale variability of the BIS at a \~2 ka periodicity is inferred through clusters of pulsed IRD fluxes throughout the late glacial (26.5\textendash10 ka BP). Combination of these European IRD events and the \~7 ka periodicity of LIS instability is thought to account for quasi-synchronicity of the NWEIS and LIS IRD pulses at Heinrich event (H) 2 and H1, previously suggested to represent the possible involvement of the NWEIS in the initiation of H events. Furthermore, the lack of extensive NWEIS marine margin is inferred prior to H3 (31.5 ka BP), such that no \textquoteleftEuropean precursor\textquoteright event is associated with either H5 or H4. This suggests that \textquoteleftprecursor events\textquoteright were not directly implicated in the collapse of the LIS, and the persistent instabilities of the BIS that are clustered at a 2 ka periodicity are incompatible with the concept that both H events and their \textquoteleftprecursors\textquoteright are independent responses to a common underlying trigger.