Response of diatom and silicoflagellate assemblages in the central Gulf of California to regional climate change during the past 55 kyrs

<p>Abstract High-resolution studies of diatoms and silicoflagellates of the past 55 kyrs in cores MD02-2517/2515 from the central Gulf of California (GoC) reveal profound changes in GoC surface waters. Roperia tesselata, a diatom proxy for late winter\textendashearly spring upwelling, and Dictyocha stapedia, a subtropical silicoflagellate indicative of GoC sea surface temperatures (SSTs) \&gt; 24 \textdegreeC, are common during the Holocene but rare during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 and most of \MIS\ 3, a relationship that likely reflects a more northerly position of the North Pacific High (NPH) during the Holocene. In contrast during most of \MIS\ 2 (\&nbsp; 27\textendash15 ka), the persistent presence of Distephanus speculum, a silicoflagellate associated with \SSTs\ \&lt; 16\textdegree, suggests that cold, low salinity waters penetrated into the GoC, consistent with southward displacement of the NPH. During \MIS\ 3 (\&nbsp; 55\textendash27 ka), increased dominance of Azpeitia nodulifera (diatom) implies that stratified, tropical waters were present year round, whereas silicoflagellate assemblages suggest that stratified tropical conditions alternated with more productive, upwelling conditions on millennial timescales. Reduced biosiliceous productivity during Heinrich events likely reflected a reduction in both surface water nutrient levels and in the strength of northwest winds due to a weakened and more southerly NPH. Conversely, enhanced biosiliceous productivity during \MIS\ 3 interstadials was probably linked to heightened nutrient levels and a strengthened NPH. Abrupt relative abundance increases of the silicoflagellate, Dictyocha aculeata, approximate the termination of \MIS3\ Heinrich events and may signal times when nutrient-rich deep waters associated with the resumption of enhanced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation penetrated into the central Gulf.</p>